教師招聘

 
                               

 

四、 完形填空與閱讀

(一)　知識概要

完形填空是一種在語意封閉的情況下考察學(xué)生閱讀能力及掌握語言基礎(chǔ)知識能力的綜合性題目?！W(xué)生應(yīng)根據(jù)語義完整、語法正確的原則進(jìn)行通篇閱讀。借助文章的 現(xiàn)成文字，通過邏輯思維，聯(lián)系上下文，推斷出可能的答案。然后再從所給選擇答案中逐空選出在通讀全文時(shí)腦海中已出現(xiàn)的答案填入空內(nèi)。試推想在小學(xué)五六年級 時(shí)去讀"西游記"，"水滸傳"，你也并非每個(gè)字都認(rèn)得，每句話都能真正理解。但你還是可以明了全文的意思，讀得有滋有味。這就是語言能力。所以完形填空考 查的就是你能否在缺字，不認(rèn)得字、詞語的情況下，能否全面理解文章的正確意思，然后選入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語。在選擇后還要前后彼此呼應(yīng)反復(fù)驗(yàn)證所選答案。有時(shí)答案 一時(shí)不易驗(yàn)證，不要急于順序填寫，可能在填出后面答案時(shí)，而得到前面的答案。有時(shí)則需運(yùn)用所學(xué)的詞法、句法、時(shí)態(tài)和固定搭配等知識對4個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行分析，比 較、排除干擾項(xiàng)，確定正確的答案?！〈鸢溉窟x定后，一定要復(fù)讀全文以驗(yàn)證：①　所選答案是否能使全文流暢，邏輯推理是否正確。②　具體實(shí)事是否成立， 前后關(guān)系是否理順。③　語法是否正確，其中包括時(shí)態(tài)的選擇、詞匯選擇、固定搭配等。在通讀全文時(shí)最好在可能的條件下將所選答案填入文章中，反復(fù)閱讀。而不 要在文章空中只寫選項(xiàng)的代號，這樣影響全文的理解，不易找出錯(cuò)誤之處。在做完形填空時(shí)，應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

(1)　重視首句，首段的開篇啟示作用，讀懂了第一句，或第一段有可能預(yù)測到全篇大意。

(2)　一定要顧及上下文間的語意聯(lián)系。在完形填空的設(shè)計(jì)中，一般是以語義為第一要素同時(shí)兼顧語法。有的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)單獨(dú)填入這個(gè)單句中全是正確的，但拿到文中從下文聯(lián)系起來看，則文理不通。為此要通篇考慮，顧及上下文的聯(lián)系是十分重要的。

(3)　要堅(jiān)持語意第一的原則，而語法應(yīng)放于第二位。完形填空形式上是一種單項(xiàng)選擇式的考察。但實(shí)質(zhì)上也是一種閱讀能力和學(xué)生重建文意能力的考察。它一般 是利用語法的正確性與內(nèi)容排斥性的矛盾而命題的。所給答案大都是離開上下文均可說得通的。但語意上辯析、排斥才能找到答案。例如：

It took Charlie Mui several months to save up seven dollars He wanted to ______ a model plane and went to the shop with the money

A　sell B　buy C　hold D　bring

這里肯定需要一個(gè)動詞，所給答案也都是動詞，但只能從意義上考慮而選B項(xiàng)。

(4)　要認(rèn)真注意細(xì)節(jié)，做到語法正確。一些答案在意義上講都是正確的，但從線索上看要找出語法正確的答案。如：

Mr Evans is an old man of about sixty His wife died a few years ago His chi

ldren ______ him by then.

A　left B　would leave C　have left D　had left

答案應(yīng)為D。這句話正確的語意都是"離開"，但仔細(xì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有 by then 之說，由此可得出這是個(gè)動作的截止時(shí)間，應(yīng)選為 had left 過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。　下面再看一些例子。

(1)　語意第一原則

A young father was visiting an old neighbour They were standing in the old man's garden and talking about ______ .

A　trees B　flowers C　children D　old people

那么他們談?wù)摰闹行氖鞘裁茨?可能是樹、花，由于他們是在花園里談?wù)?。但如果前后的段落配合看，則其談?wù)摰囊部赡苁呛⒆雍屠夏耆?。這就是要求我們切勿望文生義。

(2)　語法正確，注意細(xì)節(jié)的原則

在語意正確的前題下，還要根據(jù)學(xué)過的語法知識，及詞語的固定搭配，選擇正確答案。　如：

One night the dog began to bark suddenly It made Mr Erens ______ ①______ to sleep He had to get up and tried his ______ ② ______ to stop it， but the beast wouldn't stop， and kept on ______ ③ ______ 

①　A　go not B　not go C　not to go D　to not go

②　A　well B　good C　better D　best

③　A　bark B　to bark C　barking D　barked

以上3個(gè)小題中所給答案從語意上都是正確的，這就要求選擇語法正確的那一個(gè)。　第一空中根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，要填一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)足語。而動詞 make 后面的定語補(bǔ)足語應(yīng)省去不定式符號 to， 且其否定式 + not，即不定式的否定式為 not to do， 而省去 to 后則應(yīng)為 not do. 在動詞前直接+ not故應(yīng)選B?！《诙€(gè)空顯然是一個(gè)固定搭配。語意上為： Mr Erens 盡力地阻止狗叫，所以應(yīng)選D。 try one's best 是盡力而為之意。　第三個(gè)空顯然是 keep on doing something 連續(xù)不斷之意，應(yīng)選 ing 的動詞形式。其答案為C。

(3)　根據(jù)所給答案的不同詞類，從不同角度分別考慮選擇

完形填空所給的詞往往是不同類的，這就要求對不同詞類作不同考慮。如果所缺的是動詞，那么首先在選擇語意正確的前提下，考慮動詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和是否是要填 入非謂語動詞。若是介詞或副詞則要考慮是否固定搭配，以及介詞、副詞在結(jié)構(gòu)和意義上的選擇。若是連詞，則應(yīng)更多地從句子結(jié)構(gòu)和上下文的連接上選擇。若是代 詞，則應(yīng)考慮性、數(shù)、格等方面，以及形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級等。

例如： A man and his wife had a small bar near a station They often worked late into the night， ______ ① ______ people came to drink there while they were ______ ② ______ trains　At two o'clock one morning， one man was still at a table in the small bar He was asleep The bar man's wife wanted to leave She looked ______ ③ ______ the bar several times， and each time the man was ______ ④ ______ there Then at last she went to her husband and said to him， "You ______ ⑤ ______ that man six times， George ，

______ ⑥ ______ he isn't drinking anything"

①　 A　as soon as B　because C　so D　though

②　 A　catching up with B　getting on C　looking after D　waiting for

③　 A　at B　for C　into D　out of

④　 A　always B　often C　still D　already

⑤　 A　have woken B　wake C　had woken D　will wake

⑥　 A　and B　but C　yet D　too

從文中看，第一選項(xiàng)，由于給了不同的連詞，從意義選擇應(yīng)為B。第二選項(xiàng)均為分詞形式，也應(yīng)從語意上選擇，其答案是D。 第三選項(xiàng)給了四個(gè)介詞，而 into 則是從外向里觀看，所以應(yīng)選C。第四項(xiàng)是副詞 still 意為仍然，從意義上應(yīng)選擇C。 而第五項(xiàng)所給的是同個(gè)動詞，只是時(shí)態(tài)不同。從故事情景看，只能選完成時(shí)態(tài)A。 而最后一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是連詞，由于句意則只能用 but 轉(zhuǎn)折連詞。

從目前完形填空初中階段的考察看，除語意第一外，更多地選擇了單詞的用法及意義，動詞的時(shí)態(tài)，短語和慣用法等。為此，要做好完形填空題目，除有較好的閱讀 能力外，更要有扎實(shí)的語言基礎(chǔ)知識及日常生活的邏輯推理能力。　閱讀理解能力在教學(xué)大綱中有明確的要求。它是目前條件下考查學(xué)生英語運(yùn)用能力的常規(guī)題型之 一，也是分值最高的題型之一。學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力如何，標(biāo)志著學(xué)生繼續(xù)深入學(xué)習(xí)的潛力有多大，它是集語法，詞匯，邏輯推理背景知識于一體的綜合語言能力的 測試。它除對學(xué)生的閱讀理解的正確性進(jìn)行測試外，同時(shí)從閱讀速度、技巧、文化背景常識等方面對學(xué)生進(jìn)行測試。　從近年各地中考題分析看，閱讀類測試除為一 般常規(guī)測試題型外，在試題中所占分值較大，為此應(yīng)引起學(xué)生特別注意?！∪绾巫龊瞄喿x理解題呢?首先要求考生有足夠的基礎(chǔ)知識和較好的閱讀速度以及技巧方面 的訓(xùn)練。同時(shí)還要注意以下幾個(gè)方面的問題。

1　要了解閱讀測試的重點(diǎn)

如上所述，閱讀過程是一個(gè)綜合作用的過程，為此閱讀的測試就不能僅將著眼點(diǎn)放在語言結(jié)構(gòu)的測試上，而是通過看，通過閱讀獲取信息的能力。　在閱讀一篇文章 時(shí)，我們首先會想到：①　文章說的是什么事情(即中心思想是什么)。②　事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物是什么。③　作者所持態(tài)度如何。④　結(jié)論是什么?！∮?些說明性信息在文章中容易獲取，如：時(shí)間、數(shù)字、地點(diǎn)、人物等。有些信息如作者的態(tài)度，事件的結(jié)論，中心思想，文章的標(biāo)題，則需通過文中線索，說明信息等 等去分析推斷才能獲取。而這些說明性及內(nèi)隱性的信息正是閱讀理解的測試重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。而其難點(diǎn)在于理解、推斷、得出結(jié)論時(shí)，應(yīng)從英語國家的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、語言習(xí) 慣、宗教信仰、*****等方面來考慮，而不是僅從中國人的語言習(xí)慣來作推論。這也是這方面的難點(diǎn)之一。

例： John drove a taxi through the busy streets of Boston every dayJohn was ____________

A　a manager B　a driver C　a policeman D　a dustman

由此我們應(yīng)能由drive a taxi 來得出結(jié)論約翰是位出租車司機(jī)而不是別的什么人。

例：Mrs Barker's sister was ill　She had someone to look after her from Monday to Friday， but not at the weekend， so every Friday evening Mrs Baker used to go off to spend the weekend at her home in a neighboring town…　This meant that Mr　Baker … First he had to drive home from the station　Then he had to drive his wife to the station to catch her train　Who was ill? ____________ 

A　MrBaker B　Mrs Baker

C　Mr　Baker's sister D　Mrs Baker's sister

從這些只言片語中可以看出有三個(gè)人物出場，而問題的設(shè)計(jì)是表淺的，只要細(xì)心即可。

[答案] D.

從中考閱讀命題中，由于考慮到考生的能力有限，和大部分學(xué)生畢業(yè)的要求，語言結(jié)構(gòu)的測試占很大一部分比重。但對于要考入重點(diǎn)中學(xué)的學(xué)生來講，僅僅幾分較高要求的題目可能會決定他們的升學(xué)命運(yùn)。因?yàn)檫@一部分分值是往往使學(xué)生棘手的那些隱性問題的測試。如：

Like many other families in 1870， Katie Olson and her family had come to the grassy plains of Kansas　Katie liked the prairie and their new sold house　But with no friends to play with， she was very lonely　Besides her mother and father， she had only her little brother， Matt， for company　She missed their old home in Wisconsir　　Then one day her father had exciting news　Some settlers had bought the farm near the Olson's land　Katie became so excited on hearing the news that she thought she might burst　She begged her father to let her ride over with him to greet their new neighbors　The two rode across the prairie　They found Mr　and Mrs Laski were hard at working building their sod home　Katie was disappointed　She had hoped there would be some children to play with　But soon Mr Laski called out" Anna， and Carl,　come out of the wagon" A boy and a girl　jumped down and came over to Katie　Katie didn't believe it　Her wish had come true

1　 Who was the most important person in the story?

A　Matt B　Katie C　Mr Laski D　Anna and Carl

2　 What was Katie's problem in the story?

A　She had no friend. B　She didn't like Kansas.

C　She couldn't ride a horse. D　She didn't like Anna and Carl.

從上文中看，信息的獲得不是直接的，而是必須通過整個(gè)文章的閱讀，理清人物關(guān)系，掌握中心思想，才能作出正確的判定。如第一問故事中人物眾多，但一直到讀 完才知，故事講述了一個(gè)女孩Katie的事情。則她是故事的中心，所以應(yīng)選擇B　第二問是測試通過閱讀是否了解了人物的心理情緒。這些信息必須通過線 索，綜合判定，從而其結(jié)論是A。

2　閱讀理解的解題思路和方法

閱讀理解的測試點(diǎn)是在通過由于閱讀所能夠獲取信息的能力上，所以解題思路的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在：

(1) 通讀全文，了解文章的主題和大意;了解作者的寫作目的、對事件的態(tài)度上。

People sometimes change their way of doing business　In a village in Africa， people are using money for the first time　They're doing business with the world 　Before this tribe (部落) used money， people came to the market in the village to trade (交易) things they had for things they needed　Now people must use money to buy what they want　Before using money， people helped one another　Their father who was head of the family， gave food， and clothing to his sons and their families　In return， the sons worked for their father　Now people no longer work for one another free　Instead， they are paid for the work they do　When a new road was needed. Everyone in the village helped build it,　Now people must pay money to the village chief (首領(lǐng)) for roads and schools　The chief hires workers to build these new projects　More and better roads and schools are being builtIt is not easy for people to change a way of doing business　To change from trading goods to using money takes time

①　 The story doesn't say so， but it makes you think that ____________.

A　family members often quarrel (爭吵) about money

B　Africans do not change their way of doing business

C　Africans refuse to use money

D　families do not help one another in the same way now

[答案] D.

②　 On the whole this story is about ____________ 

A　the life of some Africans

B　changing from goods to using money

C　people helps one another

D　building roads across Africa

[答案] B.

從以上的問題看，所設(shè)提問均不是對某個(gè)具體事實(shí)。而是真對整篇文章，由此可見通讀全文，掌握中心和作者的態(tài)度的重要性。

(2) 要注重文句間的相互關(guān)系。既注重主要情節(jié)又不可忽視細(xì)節(jié)。中考中閱讀命題很多情況下是對事件的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)而進(jìn)行測試的。

例：… on Saturday afternoon they began with the back of the house　The next Saturday Tom went to a football match while his wife painted the front of the house　The next day they found they couldn't open any of the front windows　They get them open at last， but they broke three of the seven and they were very expensive to repair

①　 They lasted for about ______ days

A　two B　three

C　more than seven D　Less than seven

[答案] A.

②　 They had to get someone to make repair for ______ windows

A　seven B　four C　ten D　three

[答案] D.

第一問中，如不分析第一句和第二句中的兩個(gè) Saturday， 很可能會選擇答案C。事實(shí)上，他們只干了兩個(gè) Saturday， 而不是從這個(gè)星期六到下個(gè)星期六的7天時(shí)間。而第二問是他們弄壞了所有7個(gè)窗戶中的3個(gè)，所以應(yīng)選D。

(3) 特別注意首尾句在整個(gè)文章中的作用，以及它起到的啟示和結(jié)論性作用。

例： Man has a big brain　He can think， learn and speak…　…but no animal learns when we speak? Scientists do not really know　They only know that man can speak because he has a big brain

這篇文章只要我們注意了首尾句，即可得出結(jié)論，它是講述人類大腦與語言的關(guān)系的。人腦的其中一個(gè)作用是使他擁有語言，也就是和動物 apes， dogs 有了根本的區(qū)別。這樣這篇文章的許多細(xì)節(jié)可以迎刃而解了。

①　 In what way are men different from animals?

A　Men can understand things quickly.

B　Men can learn.

C　Men have learned language.

D　Men have brains.

[答案] C.

②　 Scientists now know ______

A　how children learn to speak

B　why apes can learn a few words

C　men's brain helps him to learn to speak

D　what happens when men speak

[答案] C.

③　 What is the topic the writer wants to talk about?

A　ape's language

B　men's brain and language

C　human brain

D　animals' learning

[答案] B.

以上只是做閱讀練習(xí)中的一般分析，要取得優(yōu)異成績，還有賴于扎實(shí)的閱讀基礎(chǔ)和語言能力，以及平時(shí)的技巧訓(xùn)練和刻苦練習(xí)。要堅(jiān)持每天至少讀三四篇文章，以逐步提高自己的英語水平。

(二) 例題解析

通讀下面短文，掌握其大意。然后從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇最佳的一項(xiàng)。

Once there was a clever farmer　Though he was poor， he decided one day to take the king a roast goose (烤鵝) as a present　He had not had ____ 1 ____to cat that day， and soon the ____ 2 ____ of the roast goose became too much for him as (當(dāng)……時(shí)) he ____ 3 ____ it to the king， so he ate one of its legs　When he came before the king and gave him the goose， the king ____ 4 ____ saw that it had only one leg　Now， the king ____ 5 ____ was born with one bad leg， so he had never been able to ____ 6 ____ properly (正常地)　When he saw the goose with only one leg， he thought the farmer had ____ 7 ____ this to laugh at him　Of course he was very ____ 8 ____ 　The farmer was told that if anybody laughed at the king， he would be ____ 9____ at once　"Where is ____ 10 ____ leg of the goose?" the king asked　" All the geese (goose 的復(fù)數(shù)) in this ____ 11 ____ of the country have one leg only， " the farmer answered　"Do you think I'm a fool(傻子)?" the king shouted　"____ 12 ____ ，" said the farmer， "if you look out of the window， you will see geese with one leg by the ____ 13____ "　The king looked， and there the geese were ____ 14 ____ on one leg beside the water　The king at once told one of his men to ____ 15 ____ them with a big stick， and of course， they ____ 16 ____ their other legs and ran away　"There， " said the king　" You were lying(說謊)　That ____ 17 ____ that the geese here have two legs， like all other ____ 18 ____ in the country"　"But it doesn't show anything，" answered the farmer， "if your men threw a big stick like that at me， I would grow two ____19 ____ legs myself to help me to run away ____ 20 ____ "

1　A　less B　all C　little D　much

2　A　head B　neck C　smell D　temperature

3　A　returned B　carried C　sent D　handed

4　A　at once B　at last C　by then D　on time

5　A　once B　really C　himself D　yet

6　A　come B　walk C　see D　eat

7　A　kept B　done C　made D　found

8　A　sorry B　worried C　sad D　angry

9　A　helped B　killed C　saved D　covered

10　A　other B　another C　that D　the other

11　A　city B　village C　farm D　part

12　A　Certainly not B　Of course C　That's nothing D　Never mind

13　A　hole B　forest C　lake D　house

14　A　swimming B　resting C　flying D　lying

15　A　fill B　lock C　hit D　keep

16　A　sent up B　put down C　did with D　moved away

17　A　shows B　talks C　sees D　knows

18　A　geese B　animals C　legs D　farmers

19　A　slower B　faster C　less D　more

20　A　more slowly B　more carefully C　faster D　earlier

[答案] 1　D 2　C 3　B 4　A 5　C

6　B 7　B 8　D 9　B 10　D

11　D 12　A 13　C 14　B 15　C

16　B 17　A 18　A 19　D 20　C

其中1選 much是應(yīng)能從文章字里行間中猜到的，它應(yīng)為much food to eat　而將food 省略。2要知道 smell 可以作系動詞，但也可以作名詞，而4則為多個(gè)短語的詞語辨析：at once 立刻， at last 最終， by then 到那時(shí)為止，on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí)。所以應(yīng)為at once　7則要熟悉英語的習(xí)慣用法，即干這件事要用do，而不用make　10之所以要用D則是因?yàn)轾Z有兩只腿，由于只剩一只而問另一只哪里去了， 要用特指的定冠詞。而 other 則為泛指的形容詞，一般指復(fù)數(shù)， another雖然也指單數(shù)，但也應(yīng)用于泛指的情況。而11題因其后有 of the country， 是在鄉(xiāng)村的這個(gè)部分，所以只能用part　country 是不可數(shù)名詞作"鄉(xiāng)村"講，作為可數(shù)名詞則作"國家"講。而作"鄉(xiāng)村"講時(shí)，前面的定冠詞不可少。19則是要通讀全文才知道鵝一只腿站立體息，而一被哄趕 則放下另一只腿跑走了，人是兩條腿站著，當(dāng)被哄趕時(shí)那應(yīng)是再長出兩條腿奔跑著逃走。由此可見中考的難題越來越不在語法項(xiàng)，而在閱讀和完形上用以選拔高質(zhì)量 的學(xué)生。

We were going to play a team from a country school　They didn't come until the game time arrived　They looked ____ 1 ____ than we had thought　They were wearing dirty blue jeans (仔褲) and looked like farm boys　We even thought that they had never seen a basketball before　We all sat down　We felt that we didn't ____ 2 ____ any practice (訓(xùn)練) against a team like that　It was already so late that no ____ 3 ____ could be given to them for a warmup　The game began　One of our boys ____ 4 ____ the ball and he shot (擲) a long pass to our forward (前鋒)　From out of nowhere a boy in a dirty Tshirt ____ 5____ the pass and with a beautiful form (姿勢) he shot and got two points (分)　They ____ 6 ____ us　Then they got another ____ 7____ of points in a minute　Soon it was all over　The country team ____ 8____ us　We certainly learned that even though a team is good， there is usually another ____ 9 ____ a little better　But the important lesson learned was: One can't tell a man， or a team， by the ____10 ____

1　A　stronger B　younger C　worse D　less

2　A　get B　try C　use D　need

3　A　basket B　space C　ball D　time

4　A　got B　played C　missed D　carried

5　A　caught B　changed C　started D　stopped

6　A　surprised B　kept C　broke D　hit

7　A　half B　pair C　group D　double

8　A　won B　saved C　beat D　joined

9　A　just B　already C　about D　almost

10　A　Tshirts B　clothes C　places D　points

[答案] 1　C 2　D 3　D 4　A 5　D

6　A 7　B 8　C 9　A 10　B

[析] 在1題中可以看出stronger， younger worse， less 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)全可以選，語法是正確的。從文章開始到這里并看不出其原因?yàn)槭裁匆x擇C，這時(shí)只能將其選擇空出往后面看，所以提醒考生要注意的是千萬不要一一對 完形填空作出選擇，有很多情況 是后面的情景決定了前面的選擇。當(dāng)看到 We even thought that they had never seen a basketball before 和 We felt that we didn't need (2) any practice against a team like that　則就肯定會得到第一個(gè)空的選項(xiàng)決不是比我們強(qiáng)壯，也不可能是少，更不可能是年輕、而是球技不佳，比我們差得很遠(yuǎn)?！《?題是要仔細(xì)考慮才能得 到正確的結(jié)論。這四個(gè)動詞都可以用在籃球運(yùn)動中，但要注意的是，其后面的名詞是pass，在這里應(yīng)譯為"長傳"。而這個(gè)長傳這里決不是開始，而是被截住 了。所以這里應(yīng)用stopped。 即"攔截了一個(gè)長傳。"而 caught 的賓語應(yīng)換為ball球就對了。B 選項(xiàng)為"改變"，用于這里就不合題意了。而7項(xiàng)雖然很多人都知道籃球規(guī)則，投一球按兩分計(jì)算，但這里應(yīng)選哪個(gè)詞則拿不準(zhǔn)了，主要在B選項(xiàng)與D選項(xiàng)之間發(fā)生 了問題。不知double的真實(shí)意義是"加倍，翻一翻"之意，還是"一對，一雙，兩倍"之意。其困難點(diǎn)還有9項(xiàng)，它的選擇應(yīng)為 just，這是由全文所決定的。它的意思是不論一個(gè)隊(duì)多么好，總會有一個(gè)隊(duì)會比你強(qiáng)出一點(diǎn)兒，哪怕是僅僅一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。這也就是完形填空不易拿滿分之處。這里要 提醒大家的是：語言是十分靈活的，要經(jīng)常不斷地學(xué)習(xí)思考才會有所進(jìn)步。

Peter was a small boy　He lived with his parents in a small house near some hills　The people there were all poor　One night it was very dry and windy　When everybody was asleep， Peter suddenly heard some noise　It came out from the kitchen (廚房)　He got up and walked to the kitchen　He found that the wood beside the stove (火爐) was burning　There was no water tap (水龍頭) in the house， so he could not put out (撲滅) the fire　He shouted loudly to wake up everyone in the house　Then he ran out of his house and knocked on the doors of many houses to wake the people up　They all left their houses quickly　At last the fire was put out by the firemen　Many houses were burnt　But nobody was hurt in the fire

1　 Peter lived with his ______ 

A　sisters B　brothers C　uncles D　parents

2　 One night he found that ______ beside the stove was burning

A　the table B　the wood C　the door D　the window

3______　 ， so he could not put out the fire

A　Everybody was asleep B　He couldn't shout loudly

C　The kitchen was very big D　There was no water tap in the house

4　 Peter knocked on the doors of many houses ______

A　to wake the people up B　to get some water

C　to find his classmates D　to visit them

5______　 hurt in the fire

A　People in other houses were B　Peter's parents were

C　Nobody was D　Peter was

[答案] 1　D 2　B 3　D 4　A 5　C

[析] 本題屬于表層理解閱讀考查題目，因?yàn)橥瓿善浯鸢杆枰男畔⒒旧峡梢灾苯訌奈恼轮蝎@取，并不太多的需要推理和對環(huán)境，習(xí)俗的分析與了解。例如1題可直接 從文章中 He lived with his parents in a small…中獲取。2 題則可以從 He found that the wood beside the stove was buring 獲取答案。3 題幾乎是文章中的原句， There was no water tap in the house　所以得分率會很高。4 題也可從文章中：Then he ran out of his house and knocked on the doors of many houses to wake the people up　直接找出答案。5題的答案則可以從文章中最后一句獲得，如： But nobody was hurt in the fire。 這樣的閱讀題目，是屬于表層理解題目，也就是為了那些獲取畢業(yè)成績的分?jǐn)?shù)所設(shè)計(jì)的。其目的在于對普通同學(xué)給予適當(dāng)?shù)姆忠郧筮_(dá)到畢業(yè)之目的。這樣的題目雖然 容易，但還是要小心為好，不要粗心大意，以免不必要的丟分。

"You're just in time， Joe　We're going to play cowboys (牛仔) and Indians， and you can be the Indians， " one of my cousins (堂兄弟) said　"How many Indians?" I asked　"Oh， about a thousand，" he answered， and before I could say no， I was pushed out into the night and became a thousand Indians　Two minutes later I was running in the fields with a group of cowboys behind　The shouts of "After them　Let's catch the killers!" and other such TVplay language came into my ears as I ran round a corner and hurried into my Grandpa's car　"We've got him,　boys　Let's go and catch him!"　But no one wanted to come to get me　All of my cousins except one were always very friendly with me　It was quiet outside　And I went out of the car to have a look　Just then I heard a shout， "Bring the rope (繩子)， and we can burn him"　"Only Indians burn people　Cowboys …，" I stopped just in time　I had almost said， "Cowboys hang (絞死) people"　I was tied to a tree， and the cowboys were looking for some wood when my dear mother called， "We're leaving now"　"Untie me，" I shouted　"We're going"　"Why did Bobby want matches (火柴)?" Mum asked when we were in the car　"He was asking Dad whether he had any"　"Oh， he was just going to matches? MATCHES? Are you sure he wanted matches?"　Mother was quite sure， and I didn't say any more

1　 How many children played the Indians?

A　One thousand. B　One hundred. C　One group. D　One.

2　 Why did Joe's cousin say that Joe was just in time? Because ______ 

A　there were not enough children for the game

B　the game was just going to start

C　none of his cousins wanted to be the Indians

D　they were waiting for Joe

3　 Joe didn't say "Cowboys hang people" out because ______

A　he was tied to a tree

B　that would make things worse

C　he was caught by the cowboys

D　that would make the cowboys angry

4　 Which of the following is TRUE?

A　One of Joe's cousins was looking for matches.

B　Dad didn't want to give the children any matches.

C　Bobby wanted to get some matches from his father.

D　Mum didn't think children should play with matches.

5　 The name of the story should be "______ "

A　Joe and his cousins

B　Who knows what danger is waiting there

C　CowboysandIndians is a favourite children's game

D　How cowboys and Indians fought in the past

[答案] 1　D 2　C 3　B 4　A 5　B

[析] 本文在閱讀過程中會感到難度，而其問題與選項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)更為困難。其難點(diǎn)不僅在于要閱讀好文章，而且要對問題和問題中的選擇項(xiàng)作深入仔細(xì)地閱讀。如1題的問句 之意是有多少個(gè)孩子在游戲中扮演印第安人。而文章中又有"How many Indians?" I asked 當(dāng)作者問到有多少印第安人時(shí)，其答語為" about a thousand" 這對于看不懂全文，而只認(rèn)識個(gè)別單詞的人就是一種很強(qiáng)的誤導(dǎo)作用。因題目中問的是 How many，而文章中的數(shù)字是 a thousand　但如果認(rèn)真往下看則會發(fā)現(xiàn)： I was pushed out into the night and became a thousand Indians　我被推入了黑暗之中變成了一千個(gè)印第安人。所以文章暗示了一個(gè)小孩來扮演一千個(gè)印第安人。這種題目的得分率自然不會很高。緊接而來的2 題則更困難，問題問的是 Joe 的堂兄說他來的正是時(shí)候，是因?yàn)?______。這是要認(rèn)真去推理來判定的。由文中的句子 and before I could say no …這顯然暗示了作者并不想扮演這樣的角色，所以可以推論是沒有人愿意扮演這個(gè)角色，但正在這個(gè)時(shí)候 Joe 來了，而且不由分說把 Joe 推入了角色之中。而3題則更加困難，其題目之意是"Joe 沒有說出牛仔是絞死人"的這一句話是為了什么 ______。從文章中 Joe 被一群孩子追逐后被抓住，十分不高興，想從中解脫出來。因其他孩子講我們可以燒死他。所以 Joe 為了擺脫困境而要講出的話是："只有印第安人才燒人，而牛仔是用繩子絞死人。"后半句沒有講出來，是因?yàn)樗吹饺绻獰廊诉€需要找柴，找火柴，還是要一 段時(shí)間的，但繩子就在他身上，如果絞死人那幾乎是立刻馬上之事。所以其答案選擇了B?！∵@樣的話可能會使事情更糟。4 題的題目是簡單的，即下面陳述中那個(gè)是真實(shí)的。由于中考英語答案是唯一的，所以只有一個(gè)是符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。這時(shí)可以采用選取正確答案的方法，但實(shí)際上更好的辦 法是排除法。把不正確的排除后再對其他項(xiàng)進(jìn)行對比，作出選擇。這叫作所謂的排除法。首先排除的應(yīng)是C選項(xiàng)，因文章中講在他們上車回家的路上媽媽問他："為 什么 Bobby 要火柴，他問爸爸是否有火柴。" 這里的爸爸顯然指的是 Joe 的爸爸而不是 Bobby的爸爸。而其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)則都處于可選之例：如A項(xiàng)應(yīng)為 Joe 的一個(gè)堂兄在找火柴。B項(xiàng)是爸爸不想給孩子任何火柴。D項(xiàng)是媽媽認(rèn)為孩子們不應(yīng)玩火柴。而B項(xiàng)，在文章中根本沒有進(jìn)述Joe 爸爸的態(tài)度，所以應(yīng)首先放棄，而D項(xiàng)是可以從推理中得到的，要不然他的母親不會在車上問這個(gè)問題，但是文章中并未直接提出來，所以只有A是對的。因其媽媽 講 Bobby 是向 Joe的爸爸尋找火柴。而5項(xiàng)則更是要全文反復(fù)閱讀才可能領(lǐng)會到其中的原由的。文章的題目要概括全部文章內(nèi)容，但更重要的是從中抽取最重要的，也就是作者 的主要意圖。從文章的最后兩句，當(dāng)作者反問他媽媽時(shí)說："他真的在找火柴?火柴、你敢肯定他是在找火柴嗎?"媽媽表示十分肯定，而作者再也不講什么了。顯 然他感到如果玩下去危險(xiǎn)的存在。所以其答案是B。這也就是中考中要求較高的題目，雖然分?jǐn)?shù)不多但對要進(jìn)入重點(diǎn)高中的學(xué)生來說，這是個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題，也就是成功 與失敗的焦點(diǎn)所在。

例：We spent a day in the country and picked a lot of flowers　Our car was full of flowers inside! On the way home we had to stop at traffic lights， and there my wife saw the bookshelf　It stood outside a furniture (家具)shop　"Buy it，" she said at once　"We'll carry it home on the roofrack(車頂架)　I've always wanted one like that"　What could I do? Ten minutes later I was twenty dollars poorer， and the bookshelf was tied on to the roofrack　It was tall andnarrow， quite heavy too　As it was getting darker， I drove slowly　Other drivers seemed more polite than usual that evening　The police even stopped traffic to let us through　Carrying furniture was a good idea　After a time my wife said， "There's a long line of cars behind　Why don't they overtake(超車)?"　Just at that time a police car did overtake　The two officers (警官) inside looked at us seriously when they went past　But then， with a kind smile they asked us to follow their car through the busy traffic　The police car stopped at our village church(教堂)O(jiān)ne of the officers came to me　"Right， sir，"he said"Do you need any more help now?"　I didn't quite understand"Thanks， officer，" I said　"You've been very kind　I live just down the road"　He was looking at our things: first at the flowers， then at the bookshelf　"Well， well，" he said and laughed　"It's a bookshelf you've got there! We thought it was-er something else"　My wife began to laugh　Suddenly I understood why the police drove here　I smilcd at the officer　"Yes， it's a bookshelf， but thanks again" I drove home as fast as I could

1　 From the story we know that ______

A　the writer was poor and didn't buy the bookshelf for his wife

B　the writer's wife didn't like the bookshelf at all

C　the writer was always glad to buy something for his wife

D　the writer was not very glad to buy the bookshelf for his wife

2　 What made the writer think that carrying furniture was "a good idea"?

A　He could drive slowly and it was safe

B　Other drivers would let him go first

C　His wife could use a new bookshelf

D　He could save a lot of money and time

3　 Why were the police and other drivers so kind to the writer?

A　Because they thought the writer liked studying very much and needed a bookshelf

B　Because they didn't think it was polite to overtake a car with a bookshelf on it

C　Because they thought somebody in the writer's family had died and he needed help

D　Because they thought it was dangerous to carry a bookshelf on a car

4　 Why did the writer's wife begin to laugh?

A　Because now she knew what mistake the police had made

B　Because at last her husband understood why the police had driven to the church

C　Because the officer was always looking at the flowcrs and the bookshelf

D　Because the police had helped them a lot

5　 When did the officers begin to realize(意識到)they had made a mistake?

A　Before they arrived at the church

B　Before they overtook (overtake的過去式) the writer's car

C　After one of them looked at the flowers and the bookshelf carefully at the church

D　After the writer's family left the church

[答案] 1D 2B 3C 4A 5C

[析] 這篇文章有英國幽默的味道。英國的幽默是十分特別的，它一般都是講述一個(gè)故事，但當(dāng)結(jié)尾時(shí)僅幾句話則道出天機(jī)來。對于這樣的文章要從頭認(rèn)真看到尾，不要在 考場中為了趕時(shí)間自認(rèn)為是全懂了，其實(shí)則不然。造成不必要的丟分。從1題可以看出作者十分不情愿地為其妻子買了個(gè)書架呢。第二段則出現(xiàn)"Buy it"這樣的祈使句。初學(xué)者不易看出里面的原委。要知道祈使句在對話中常常帶有命令，或不客氣之意，所以從這里開始已看出作者的情緒了。其后的What can I do?又是一句抱怨的話，"我還能作什么嗎?"其后又是一句風(fēng)趣的抱怨：Ten minutes later I was twenty dollars poorer即暗示十分不情愿地又花了20美元。所以其答案是D。其后2題則是推理題，從作者買了書架之后一連串的奇怪事情發(fā)生了。首先是其他的駕駛員 開車對他十分的禮貌，甚至警察阻擋其他車輛讓他先行。所以其答案是B。第3題則一句道破天機(jī)。因?yàn)榍皟杉乱咽棺髡吒械狡婀至?。后來警察竟然親自駕駛汽車 為他開道。而且警察并不知道他要去什么地方就把他帶到教堂來了。這是因?yàn)橛⒚廊艘簧笫露家诮烫米觯浩湟皇浅錾鷷r(shí)在教堂洗禮，其二是結(jié)婚，其三則是 死亡。所以警察不問其由而將他帶到教堂是為了幫助他。所以答案是C。當(dāng)警察講到We thought it was …er something else?時(shí)，顯然有個(gè)詞是不好意思講出口的，所以道出了文章的真實(shí)情況。這時(shí)不難對5題作出答復(fù)其答案是C。

             本文由北京教師考試網(wǎng)提供

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

（責(zé)任編輯：中大編輯）